History: American Old West, United States

The Morrill Act provided land grants to states to build institutions of higher education for agricultural purposes, in an effort to stimulate rural economic growth and the education programs to support it. The states would sell the bulk of the land to raise funds to build the institutions.
The federal government even attempted to forest the prairies to make better use of undesirable land. Relying on the theory that planting trees would alter the climate enough to produce the rainfall need to sustain the forests long term, the government encouraged homesteaders to plant trees. When the "rain-follows-the-plow program" failed due to drought and pests, the federal government turned instead to more practical programs to develop irrigation, though large-scale irrigation projects came decades later. But by the 1870s, the large land giveaways raised concerns about the management of remaining public lands, particularly those of unique value such as the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone, and the conservation movement was born. In 1872, Yellowstone became the first national park in the United States (and in the world).
• Transcontinental railroad
The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 finally hastened the transition of the transcontinental railroad from dream to reality. Existing rail lines, particularly belonging to the Union Pacific, had already reached westward to Omaha, Nebraska, about half way across the continent. The Central Pacific, starting in Sacramento, California, was extended eastward across the Sierras to link with the Union Pacific heading west. The two finally met at Promontory Summit, Utah on May 10, 1869. Leland Stanford, one of the prime backers of the Central Pacific, hammered the golden spike in triumph, linking the two lines. A cross-country trip was reduced from about four months to one week by the completion of the railroad.